??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. It has been customary in surveys from the Arabic literary tradition to write down off the era between 1258 and 1800 by declaring it a ???? ???? ?????? “duration of decadence.” However, a far more nuanced Examination of the situat